What is a Computer - 762 Words

What is a computer? When trying to explain the computer to my grandparents I realizing just how complicated it is Explaining what it is and why it’s so powerful, the differences between data and information and how the computer knows what to do. First what is a computer? A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can†¦show more content†¦ARPANETs main job was to research computer networking in order to provide a safe, secure communications system in case of war. (Internet) If we didn’t have computers we wouldn’t have so much information at our finger tips it is astonishing to think how computers came about, how would we get answers so quickly. A second reason why computers are powerful is because people make them powerful by putting mass information and data into them for easy access latter. Third there is a difference between data and information Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Data can be something simple and seemingly random and useless until it is organized. And information is when data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so as to make it useful, it is called Information (contributors.) Information is interpreted data. An example of data is a single person’s bowling score is one piece of data and information is The Bowling team’s average score is the information that can be concluded from the given data. (Introductory com2) Finally how does a computer know what to do? Computers cannot run unless they have a commander computers have programs that have special language telling it tasks to do. It is hard to believe somebody just thought of an idea like this and was able to make it happen. In the past 50 years we have came up with several billion ideas that actually work out well! It is crazy to look around everydayShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Computer Security?936 Words   |  4 PagesWHAT IS COMPUTER SECURITY? The process of preventing and detecting the use of data in the computer by any individuals without authorization is referred to as Computer Security. It is also known as cybersecurity or IT security. It involves the process of protecting computer resources from intruders for their own gains. Anti-virus, firewalls, data encryption, password protection are the main measures that encompass the computer security. It is mainly concerned with four main areas: 1. Confidentiality:Read MoreDeciding What Computer to Purchase789 Words   |  3 PagesComputers, laptops, tablet, and smart phones have become a big necessity in the daily lives of many Americans today. They each give us mobility to communicate with the rest of the world and get any type of news at the touch of a finger tip. They can be used for many things like sending emails, watching videos, having web conference calls as well as many other things. What kind of things does a person look for when they are deciding to buy a computer or other electronic device? Does it matter theRead MoreWhat Are the Disadvantages of Computer Addiction?900 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing options for computer addiction treatment, one point regarding addiction to the computer needs to be made : Computer addiction is not an official psychiatric diagnosis. Despite a growing movement to have obsessive computer and internet use included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) , so far this has not happened. In relative terms when disadvantages of computer addiction compared to other addictions such as alcoholism and drug addiction, computer addiction is aRead MoreWhat Is A Brain Computer Interface?2728 Words   |  11 Pages BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE Tejaswi Palacharla University of Houston ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION What is a Brain Computer Interface? Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a communication channel between a brain and the computer. The BCI system transforms specific ‘thoughts’, into control signals. These are then converted to a computer readable form where the output is shown on the computer. This computer follows the instructions or thoughts given by the brain when a patient mentally visualizesRead MoreWhat Is Computer Scensic Methodology?931 Words   |  4 PagesComputer crimes present exorbitant issues in todays society. With computer security crimes on the rise, it is becoming e crucial for law enforcement officers and digital forensic examiners to understand computer forensic efficiently and effectively. It has become critical for law enforcement and digital forensic analysts to comprehend computer frameworks productively and adequately as cybercrimes continue to rise as society relies upon the usage of technology. Assessments of information system incidentsRead MoreWhat Does It Mean Be Computer Liter ate? Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does it mean to be computer literate? Computer literacy is a person’s ability to use computers and similar forms of technology effectively. This ability can range from understanding basic use to more advanced abilities such as computer programing. It can also be seen as how comfortable a person is with using computer programs or other applications that involve computers. It is understanding how computers work, knowing their limitations and knowing how to use them properly. Some examples of computerRead MoreComputer Use Policy : What Is Ethical?1605 Words   |  7 PagesComputer Use Policy What is Ethical Computing? Computer ethics by the definition are a set of rules or principles which governs the actions of a particular individual or a group about computers in general. So basically computer ethics are moral principle which regulates the computer usage and its methods. The common topics that are covered under these principles are copyright infringement, plagiarism, piracy, privacy concerns of the individuals etc. For example, it s much easier to copy someone’sRead MoreWhat Is Load Balancing In A Computer System1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe workload of a processor can be defined as the total time required by the processor to execute all the assigned processes [27]. Load balancing involves the distribution of jobs throughout a networked computer system, thus increasing throughput without having to obtain additional or faster computer hardware. [14] The main goal of Load balancing is to make sure that every resource in the system has approximately the same amount of workload at any given point of time. The main aim in Cloud ComputingRead MoreWhat It Takes to Become a Computer Engineer Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays people enjoy high tech computers, smart phones and all sorts of gadgets. But before people can enjoy them someone has to create the program to run the device. That’s were computer engineers come in. The field itself branches off into many fields including cybersecurity, networking, computer software, computer hardware. They have the difficult task of designing the body and mind of the computer. Computer engineering is an ever-growing field that makes computers smaller, faster, and more efficientRead MoreComputer Science: What is the Electronic Control Unit774 Words   |  3 Pagesthese electronics increases. These smart mini-computers are used in almost everything that runs on electricity today. Microprocessors can be found in many household items including refrigerators, televisions, gaming systems, washer/dryers, and many other items. More importantly, t he introduction of the microprocessor and microcontroller to the automobile was a breakthrough in vehicle safety and engine efficiency. With the use of these mini-computers we now have safety features like anti-lock brake

The Civil Rights Movement Essay - 1259 Words

The civil right movement refers to the reform movement in the United States beginning in the 1954 to 1968 led primarily by Blacks for outlawing racial discrimination against African-Americans to prove the civil rights of personal Black citizen. For ten decades after the Emancipation Proclamation, African-Americans in Southern states still live a rigid unequal world of deprive right of citizenship, segregation and various forms of oppression, including race-inspired violence. â€Å"Jim Crow† laws at the local and state levels. The nonviolent protest and civil disobedient were used by the civil right activist to bring change. Many leaders within the Black community and beyond distinguished during the Civil Rights era, including†¦show more content†¦Forced integration led to much violence. The most notable instance challenged in 1957 of federal orders by Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas, ordered the Arkansas National Guard to prevent integration in Little Rock. Presiden t Eisenhower responded by sending federal troops to enforce the court order for integration. The refusal to admit the first black to Mississippi University in 1962 as the segregation was seen illegal by the Supreme Court but the federal government did little to protect. Meredith was given a twenty-four hour protection wherever he goes on the campus. While the battle intensifies over the schools, an awakened civil rights movement among American blacks began to protest segregation in other areas of national life. Rosa Parks worked as a secretary for the local branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks got arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man. This led the segregation of public transportation to come under attack. The law required that should the white section of the bus become full, African-Americans to sit in the back of city buses and to give up their seats to whites. Rosa Parks was a we ll-respected and dignified figure in the community, her arrest was finally enough to convince African-Americans that they could no longer forbearance discriminatory laws. On December 5, members of the African-AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Civil Rights Movement1179 Words   |  5 Pagessegregations. Out of the numerous elements that arose in the 1960s, there are three movements that truly affected the American society. Firstly, the rise of the civil rights movement was greatly influenced by racial discrimination of colored people in the South. Secondly, the women’s movement aimed to convince the society that women are capable of achieving and maintaining higher waged job like males. Lastly, the gay rights movement aimed to gain acceptance and stop discrimination of homosexuality. The mostRead MoreThe Folk Music Of The Civil Rights Movement1208 Words   |  5 PagesResponse Paper #4 The folk music of the Civil Rights Movement â€Å"came out of tradition, common experience, and generations of resistance† (Dunaway 2010: 140). The songs used throughout the movement derived from the shared experiences and struggles of African Americans while connecting â€Å"the gentle, idealistic world of folk music and the integrationist world of civil rights† (Dunaway 2010: 145). Songs, such as â€Å"We Shall Overcome†, were put through the folk process, where a song is passed on and alterationsRead MoreThe Great Leaders Of The Civil Rights Movement1563 Words   |  7 Pages They seem to be forgotten until they are highlighted once again. Another example of a person that was not really highlighted for their actions is Nina Simone. She made an impact on the Civil Right Movement that not many other artist or celebrity would have done. When you think of the Civil Rights Movement the first three that come to mind of course are, Martin Luther King Jr., Malco m X, and Rosa Parks. So, when someone hears the name Nina Simone the two most common responses might be â€Å"Who’sRead MoreSocial Movements : Black Civil Rights2647 Words   |  11 PagesSocial movements are vital to the establishment of our societies, and they way we are governed. Social movements help the less privileged band together to create a stronger voice among a sea of political correctness and unlawfully rule that the public supposedly have to abide by without question. Movements create this new form of platform that, if done successfully, are able to create a worldwide frenzy where people from across all walks of life, including politicians, academics, the less fortunateRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement: Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. changed history not only for African American’s, but for all who live in the United States. Martin was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. As a child Martin attended many public segregated schools throughout Georgia until he graduated at the age of fifteen. Following high school, Martin Luther King Jr. attended many colleges such as, Morehouse College, Crozer Theological Seminary, and Boston University. While studyingRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement â€Å"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.† This was a speech by Martin Luther King Jr. Even one hundred years after slavery was banned, African Americans were still being treated unfairly. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most famous leaders of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960’s. The Civil Rights movement was a movement of AfricanRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pages The Civil Rights Movement The 13th amendment, passed on the first of January, 1865 abolished slavery throughout America. Although African Americans were considered free after this amendment was approved, they still had a long and arduous struggle to absolute freedom. Before the Civil Rights Act of 1964, segregation in the United States was frequently used throughout many of the Southern and Border States. Schools, bathrooms, libraries, and even water fountains were segregated. Though there wereRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement1014 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican-American Civil Rights Movement. Specifically, the focus will be on the main activists involved in the movement such as Martin Luther King Jr and Rosa Parks and the major campaigns of civil resistance. The Civil Rights Movement refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights in Southern states.African-Americans were able to gain the rights to issues such as equal access to public transportation, right to voteRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered to be unworthy to be associated with whites, they struggled to fight laws of segregation for years and years to finally be thought of as equals. They fought to earn their civil rights which is where the movement got its name from. There are many names that stand out when you think of the Civil Rights Movement, for example, Martin Luther King Jr. who lead a march to Washington and gave the famous â€Å"I have a Dream† speech, and there is also Rosa Parks who refused to sit in the back of the busRead MoreThe Struggle Of The Civil Rights Movement1339 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement is one of the most influential events from all of America’s history. This fight started long before the ‘60s and has continued long after. All minority groups will face the struggle for rights at some time. This movement just happened to be for the African Americans in the 1960s. During this era, there were several leaders and events that experienced success in their endeavors to get rid of segregation and create equal opportunities for all. One of the most famous leaders

The Progressive and the Fixed Tax System-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Do Comparison between the Progressive and the Fixed Tax System. Answer: Introduction The report proposes to discuss on the topic whether progressive tax system is seen to be fairer in perspective of a taxpayer in Canadian context in the province of Alberta. It also aims to find whether the amount of taxes paid by a taxpayer is appropriate given his or her income level. Some of the important consideration of the topic has been seen to be dealing with conceptualization of fair taxation system and discern which of the system will result in less overall taxes being paid by the taxpayer or whether the amount is appropriate with the given income level (Alm, 2014). Scope and limitation The main form of the scope and the limitation will be only based on the assessment of fair taxation system rather than the consideration of fixed taxation system. The various scope of the study is related to the Canadian taxation system regulations in the province of Alberta. The study will only examine the advantages and disadvantages of progressive and fair taxation system and also discern whether the amount of taxes paid by a taxpayer is appropriate given his or her income level and consider the amount of tax paid as per the same. The limitation in the research methodology will be only considered by the interpretation of secondary data through application of qualitative research techniques. Some of the other limitation has been based on the application of deductive research (Chiroleu-Assouline Fodha, 2014). Overview and Comparison between the Progressive and the Fixed Tax System Progressive Tax System Overview Progressive tax system is identified as that taxation system in which the tax rate increases at an increasing amount. Progressive in general has been indented as the determination tax progression from low to high. The resultant consideration of taxpayer has been considered with taxpayers average tax, which is discerned less than the persons marginal tax rate. The aforementioned terms may be applied with the tax incidence of people with a lower ability to pay, as the this shift may be a result of the ability of the people to pay from higher to lower ability of paying tax. The main form of the implementation of the term has been evident with personal income tax where the people have lower income percentage to pay rather than higher income. The adjustments of the tax base have been considered with tax exemptions, tax credits, or selective taxation system. Based on the Canadian tax system some of the main examples of progressive tax system have been discerned with property tax, sales tax on luxury goods, or the exemption of sales taxes on basic necessities. Some of the various types of the other consideration of the progressive tax can be seen with increasing tax burden for families with higher income group and reduction of the tax with the lower income group. The progressive tax system is recognised with the consideration of the various types of the factors which has been seen to be associated to the refundable tax. This particular form of the taxation has a direct impact on reducing the income inequality. In 2016, the individuals below $ 9275 of the taxable income need to make a payment of 10% on the income tax. The progressivity of a tax system has been seen to be based on the various types of the associated factor which has been seen with the direct related to the tax system as per the rise of tax with the income of an individual. One particular example of the progressive tax system is seen to be evident with the consideration with the various types of the asso ciated factors has been seen to be related to the tax code following a lower rate of 10% and a high rate of 30%, and another tax code has income tax rates ranging from 10% to 80% (Lee, 2016). Advantages Progressive tax is conducive in reducing the income inequality and fairer way of taxation system. The main form of the benefit of the progressive taxation system has been considered with reduction in the income inequality. The income inequality has been considered with that segment of the population, which is seen to consider a larger share of the economys wealth in one particular segment. The fairer consideration of the progressive taxation system includes payment of taxes at a flat rate for those who will be able to earn as much are not required to pay as much back. In this procedure, the individuals will be able to get the most out of the systems supporting the same (Pntya et al., 2016). The biggest advantage of progressive tax has been is depicted with people who are earning more income and falling under lower income category. Hence, in this particular method the systems will be able to put lesser pressure on the lesser capable middle class of the population (Saad, 2014). The sys tem is seen with the sense of satisfaction which has been considered with the distribution of the taxes as per the income of the individuals. Henceforth, the application of these types of the tax system will be able to ensure proper allocation of the tax in a country. Another significant benefit of the application of the progressive taxation system is based on the various type of the important consideration which has been seen to be associated with the direct relevance of the several of the factors which needs to be evaluated as per the increasing nature of the taxable base (Saez, 2013). The main form of the advantage of the progressive tax has been seen with reducing the tax burden with the individuals who will be able to afford the same. These systems will be able to leave money among the low wage earners and those who will be able to stimulate the overall economy. The different types of the progressive tax systems will be having the ability to collect more amount of tax than the flat taxes along with the various types of the regressive taxes. The tax rate is seen to be increasing with the increment in the income, the progressive taxes are able to allow the people with the highest amount of the resources to a greater portion of the services to all the people and business with first responders and snow removal (Doerrenberg Peichl, 2013). Disadvantages The main form of the disadvantage of this type of the taxation system has been seen to be based on the various types of the important consideration which has been related to the factors related to punishing those individuals working hard and earning money in a particular way which discourages people for work as there is not added incentives for the people having higher income and the earning sufficient amount of money. Another significant limitation of the tax evasion system takes into account with cases of tax evasion and rich people who will be able to exploit the possible means of paying less tax (Mustapha Obid, 2015). Henceforth, this system shows that the tax payers are more prone to evade taxes. Another significant form of the disadvantage of the progressive taxation system is based on the varied factors which has been associated to the different types of the issues related to the scope of the manipulation of the tax and hence in this system the individual are not able to main tain an uniform tax rate. In several types of the other occasion the different types of the factors for the payment of the tax as per the progressive system of the taxation is seen to be related to dependent and subjective as the personal opinions given by the tax officials (Bacher Brlhart, 2013). Fixed Tax System Overview Fixed tax is discerned as a lump sum amount of tax which has been seen to be based on the consideration of the various types of the factors related to the measurement of the taxes as a percentage of the taxes as per the tax base. Fixed taxes are considered as poll or sin tax which are often seen to be considered as regressive in nature. As the citizens are able to share a common road, protection of military, policing and varies types of the other factors related to the different factors other than government, some of the individual, are seen to be of the opinion that the consideration of the fixed taxation system should include the citizen to pay for basic infrastructure (Isa, 2014). The fixed form of the taxation system has been based on the various types of the consideration associated to maintaining a constant marginal rate and usually seen to be applied to individuals with specific corporate income. The true form of the foxed taxation system has been discerned to be based on the varied types of the consolation which has been seen to be based on the deductions made as per the majority of the existing deductions made in the taxation system. The consideration of the charitable deductions is seen to be based on the varied types of the factors which has seen with charitable deductions and in several types of the occasions the consideration of the flat rate of eh taxation system has been considered with home mortgages. This particular factor has been discussed as per the various types of the consideration of the fixed taxation system which will be able to eliminate the various types of the existing deductions to simplify the taxes (Heinemann Kocher, 2013). Advantages The main form of the advantage of the fixed taxation system has been seen with the simplicity component. The varied type of the other factors related to the consideration of the flat tax system has been included for the ease of computation by the internal revenue service and straightforward payments from taxpayers. The flat form of the tax has is seen to be considered with various types of the significant factors which has been seen to be related to the consideration of the taxes with a single source of income. This makes the report easier to understand. The different type of the other consideration of the taxation system is based on factors related to the elimination of double taxation. The concept of the flat taxation has been considered to be popular for the purpose of the varied types of the other factors which has been seen to be taken into account with different factors which is directly seen to be associated to the implementation of the present IRS regulation (Azrina Mohd Yuso f et al., 2014). This particular system of the taxation has been able to eliminate the varied type of the factors for eliminating death tax and capital gains in addition to the double taxation. The flat system of the tax includes the various types of the factors which have been seen to be related to the differed types of the consideration for elimination of the unnecessary payment of interest and dividend at individual levels. The flat rate of the taxation system is able to eliminate the different the factors which has been seen to be associated to global tax system at a global scale on long-term basis. The varied type of the consideration for the fixed rate of the taxation system is able to take into consideration the fairness factor. For instance a taxpayer making $ 5000 is seen to earn $ 500000. The tax payer making a payment of $ 500000 has been able to simple consider greater income with the percentage of income made by an individual (Mookhey, 2013). Disadvantages The opponent of the fixed rate of tax system has been able to discern that the low income segment of the population has been seen to be considered with the lower amount of the payment of the taxation has been seen to directly associated with the individuals with lower income. The various types of the negative aspects of the fixed taxation is associated to the different type of the families of lower income group need to consideration of the expenditure of the same amount as with the individuals having higher rated of income. IRS implementation is taken into account with imposing numerous trained personnels in the fixed rate of the taxation system. Several individuals are seen to believe that the flat rate of the taxation system has been seen to reduce the overall tax and the actual form of the tax benefitted from the same. The tax rate is taken onto consideration with those individuals who are directly seen to be associated to the several form of detrimental factors such as inequity i n the economic system (Liu, 2013). Analysis and Interpretation Based on the several types of the considerations of the progsressive and the regressive taxation system it has been seen to be discerned that the fixed system of the taxation has been seen to be evident with entities with low income that needs to consider a payment of higher amount among the higher income group. The consideration of the progressive taxes has been seen to be evident with present federal income tax in the U.S. and Alberta province of Canada with a particular proportion of tax liability, which is seen to increase based on the individual income level. The various types of the consideration related to the tax burden consider high income earners among the lower or middle income group of people. The consideration of the progressive taxation system is seen to be based on present taxation system followed in Canada. In this system the tax burden increases with the increase in income of the entity. The rationale for the shift from flat taxation to progressive taxation has been discerned with the fact that Albertans wanted higher taxes at higher income levels. The people who can afford to pay the little extra amount should be only included in the higher tax slabs. The government introduced a new health-care contribution levy applied on progressive basis to individuals having annual income of more than $ 50000. In case of the flat taxation system the tax payers would have to still bear this levy, which was not favoured by many individuals. After the introduction of progressive taxation, individuals with more than $100,000 annually and $250,000 annually, experienced an increase of 0.5 percentage points in each of the next three years. This will lead to an overall increase of 11.5% by 2018 (Saad, 2014). Conclusion The main depictions of the study have been able to reveal that progressive taxation system is considered to be fairer than fixed taxation system. In case of fixed taxes, individuals and entities with lower income often need to pay a higher amount of taxes as compared to the individuals with high income. The implementation of the tax liability as per the ability to pay has been more prominent under progressive taxes. In case of progressive tax, proportion of tax liability is seen to increase based on individual level of income. Some of the other recommendation for the progressive tax has been done with inclusion of gross receipts, per capita taxes and occupational taxes. The income and profits are considered as per progressive or increasing tax rate schedule. The Marginal tax rates are often considered with payment of average tax rates. Based on the discerned assessment taxes paid by a taxpayer is appropriate given his or her income level in the province of Alberta in Canada. The main rationale for this is mainly due to the adherence of progressive taxes in province of Alberta in Canada. The main reason for the shift from flat taxation to progressive taxation in Alberta province has been discerned with the fact that Albertans wanted higher taxes at higher income levels. References Alm, J. (2014). Does an uncertain tax system encourage aggressive tax planning? Economic Analysis and Policy, 44(1), 3038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2014.01.004 Azrina Mohd Yusof, N., Ming Ling, L., Bee Wah, Y. (2014). Tax non-compliance among SMCs in Malaysia: tax audit evidence. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 15(2), 215234. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAAR-02-2013-0016 Bacher, H. U., Brlhart, M. (2013). Progressive taxes and firm births. International Tax and Public Finance, 20(1), 129168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-012-9218-z Chiroleu-Assouline, M., Fodha, M. (2014). From regressive pollution taxes to progressive environmental tax reforms. European Economic Review, 69, 126142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2013.12.006 Doerrenberg, P., Peichl, A. (2013). Progressive taxation and tax morale. Public Choice, 155(34), 293316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9848-1 Heinemann, F., Kocher, M. G. (2013). Tax compliance under tax regime changes. International Tax and Public Finance, 20(2), 225246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-012-9222-3 Isa, K. (2014). Tax complexities in the Malaysian corporate tax system: minimise to maximise. International Journal of Law and Management, 56(1), 5065. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-08-2013-0036 Lee, K. (2016). Morality, tax evasion, and equity. Mathematical Social Sciences, 82, 97104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2016.05.003 Liu, A. A. (2013). Tax evasion and optimal environmental taxes. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 66(3), 656670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2013.06.004 Mookhey, S. (2013). Tax disputes system design. eJournal of Tax Research, 11(1), 7996. Mustapha, B., Obid, S. N. B. S. (2015). Tax Service Quality: The Mediating Effect of Perceived Ease of Use of the Online Tax System. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.328 Pntya, J., Kovcs, J., Kogler, C., Kirchler, E. (2016). Work performance and tax compliance in flat and progressive tax systems. Journal of Economic Psychology, 56, 262273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2016.08.002 Saad, N. (2014). Tax Knowledge, Tax Complexity and Tax Compliance: Taxpayers View. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 10691075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.590 Saez, E. (2013). Optimal progressive capital income taxes in the infinite horizon model. Journal of Public Economics, 97(1), 6174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.09.002

The Second Industrial Revolution free essay sample

Running Head: After reviewing the several links discussing labor conditions and the use of child labor, write a two to three page paper answering the following questions: 1. Why was there such widespread use of  children in the mines and factories? 2. What affect did investigations of child labor have on industry? 3. What labor reforms came out of these investigations? The Second Industrial Revolution (1840-1900) James Hager Touro University International HIS# 101 Professor Dr. Amarjit Gill Module 1 (Case Assignment) During the industrial revolution many factories and mines did everything they could to exploit women and children by having them work in less than desirable conditions. Women and child labor was used for many years in many different industrial positions that would normally only be worked by men. The reason for this use was due to the fact of the companies could find more women and children that they could basically force into working the jobs that no one else would want to work, for little if not no money at all. We will write a custom essay sample on The Second Industrial Revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another reason was because of the abundance of women and children available to be used to fill the positions. Women and children were sometimes sold into â€Å"slavery† if you will, and forced to live in the factories or very close to them, possibly even in compounds that surrounded the factories and mines, and were not allowed to leave the confines of their work areas until their time was worked off. Many of these people were sold by their parents t an early age, even at 6 years of age these kids were being sold off for couple of dollars for a six year contract basically†¦ so at the age of 6 these kids were basically being sold into slavery by their parents for a few dollars, and then by the time that they completed the 6 years or more that they were enslaved for they were basically released, but as many of them only knew the life of working in the mils and mines many of them remained. Some of the reason parents sent their children to work in the substandard condition without what seemed like any care, was because they themselves had worked in the same conditions when they were younger, and expected their children to do the same. Some of these parents did not even bother to find work while their children were working in these harsh environments, they just lived off of the money their kids made for working many 12+hr shifts, basically leaving the kids to have nothing out of all of the hard work that they did each day, except for maybe a meal or two.. f they were even given that chance. The term child labor generally refers to children who work to produce a good or a service which can be sold for money in the marketplace regardless of whether or not they are paid for their work. During the times that these children were at work they would be constantly beaten severely for doing nothing more than slowing in their work, and not being able to produce the quantity or the quality that the â€Å"master† wanted and expected. Although movements to abolish slavery started in the early 1800’s, in Great Britain, slavery remained quite active especially by the slavery of women and children for many more years to come and it wasn’t until 1833 that work to make the working conditions of these enslaved children and women better began. Not only was it the savings in money for pay that they companies used women and children in the mils and mines, as it was that there were more women and children available that they could exploit then there were men at the time. Children will do anything they are told to do, and not usually fight it or ask any questions. They could have more children working in substandard conditions. These workers were forced to put in over 70 hrs in a week, even once machines and motors were used to create more of a mass production of the products. These machines allowed more to be produced and with a better quality than when it was done before by hand, but these machines still required someone to operate them, and to maintain them. As well as to keep them loaded with the required supplies to produce the products, as well as having someone there to remove the finished product as quickly as possible, so that the operator could continue to produce more as quickly as they could. It was not at all common for workers to work in excess of 19hrs a day with no extra pay, or any other benefits for working the added hours. The way I look at what they did back then, was factories looked at women and child labor to be the same as some farmers and such in the US do with Mexicans now days. They figure they can have twice or more the amount of workers for half the price that they would have paid US citizens, and this allows them to get more work done for less money, allowing them to sell more make more profit in the end, and this also will allow them to stay ahead of their competition. I do not condone these actions, but they are going on, and I thought it best explained the reason industries did this back during the Industrial Revolution. There were investigations that were conducted by a parliamentary investigation committee, on the child labor in both the mils as well as the mines. These investigations were started after Michael Sadler with a parliamentary commission, and the Ashley Commission; named after its leader, Anthony Ashley Cooper (Lord Ashley); brought proof to the House of Commons, and invited people from different backgrounds to come and see the conditions these children and women were forced to work in, at both the factories as well as the mines. The Sadler commission interviewed 89 of the witnesses that had seen the harsh conditions, as well as many of the workers that were actually forced to work in the condition, and afterwards took these interviews along with all of the findings of the commissions to the House of Commons where Lord Ashley purposed a bill that would restrict children to working a max of 10hrs a day. The members voted against the bill 238 votes to 93. But due to the information gathered by both the Sadler commission as well as the Ashley commission they did realize that the children needed some sort of protection set forth, and they sent an act of their own to the Parliament for approval which was the 1833 Factory ACT, which was approved by Parliament the 29th of August 1833. Under the terms of the new act, it became illegal for children under nine to work in textile factories, whereas children aged between nine and thirteen could not be employed for more than eight hours a day. The main disappointment of the reformers was that children over thirteen were allowed to work for up to twelve hours a day. They also complained that with the employment of only four inspectors to monitor this legislation, factory owners would continue to employ very young children. And this did continue for many years as there was a lack of supervision to verify that factory owners were in fact following the new laws. Although the factory owners did continue to employ younger workers, and overwork all of the children, way past the limit of 8-12hrs a day as set by the act, there was still a definite loss of workers and production time as they did have to cut workers, and cut the hours they were working so as to not be shut down or fined once they were caught. Factories were not able to put out near the quantity that they were able to produce before the act, and they were not able to function around the clock as they had before, as part of the act limited the latest time of the night that a child could work, and the earliest in the morning they could come to work†¦ thus limiting the operation hours of the factory so this dropped a good portion of production. As far as factory owners not abiding by the laws that were set as far as the child labor goes, it is not known whether it was an increase in demand or an increase in supply, but the argument that child labor laws were not considered much of a deterrent to employers or families is fairly convincing. Many factory owners as well as the families of the children working in these facilities did not seem too much care about the fines that were imposed by those who were found to be in contempt of the law, as the fines were usually way under what the children brought in, and well under what the products the children were producing were making for the factory owners. It is just as if you have a small town inside of a district, inside of a county†¦ the county makes a law about something, and the city you live in only has one cop, and he doesn’t seem to really care for the new law†¦ well you are willing to take a chance that that one cop will be the only one to catch you, and let you go†¦ so you are willing to still do whatever it is that is against the law and willing to take the lick for that one time that you do get caught, as you got away with it many more times making it more worth the chance of punishment. Well without the proper supervision and authorities to enforce the laws it could not be expected that the factory owners, as well as the families of the children were going to make any changes to a good thing they had going, for the chance of getting caught that one time, and having to pay what would be a small fee to them, considering all that they made while they were getting away with it. There were many things that changed during the Industrial Revolution; one of those things was the child labor in industry. There was a huge issue with child labor in factories, mills, and even mines that many people during the time frame did not even know was going on, much less posing a problem. Once the issue was brought to light in front of the right people, and was pursued by people who were not willing to let down they were able to get the information in position in front of politicians that made the appropriate laws such as the Factory Act of 1802, 1833, 1844, 1847, 1850, 1867, 1874, 1891 and many other similar acts. These acts put a huge damper on factory owners and caused their production numbers to fall, thus causing their profits to drop. This was a crushing blow to these owners that they did not want to accept and many of them continued to employ the children until newer acts, and more supervision was available to verify that they comply with the new laws as they came out.

The Business Case for Digital

SAT Percentiles and Score Rankings (Updated 2018)

SAT Percentiles and Score Rankings (Updated 2018) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you taken the SAT recently and need help deciding whether you should retake the test? Or maybe you haven’t taken the SAT yet but want to develop a target score. One of the best ways to understand your SAT scores is to understand your SAT score percentiles. You can learn to maximize your study time, find the biggest score gains, and impress your dream school by understanding percentile rankings. Read on for a guide to maximizing your SAT score- and your college admissions chances- by using SAT score percentiles. Bonus: Want to get a perfect SAT score? Read our famous guide on how to score a perfect 1600 on the SAT. You'll learn top strategies from the country's leading expert on the SAT, Allen Cheng, a Harvard grad and perfect scorer. No matter your level, you'll find useful advice here - this strategy guide has been read by over 500,000 people. Read the 1600 SAT guide today and start improving your score. What Are SAT Score Percentiles? In addition to the composite score you get on the SAT (i.e., that number between 400 and 1600), you'll get a percentile ranking, ranging from 1 to 99. The SAT gives you a percentile ranking for your overall composite score as well as for each of the twosection scores: Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) and Math. Your percentile tells you how you did on the SAT compared with everyone else who took the test. For example, if you got a composite percentile of 76, this means you scored higher than 76% of students on the whole test. If you got a percentile of 47 on the Math section, you did better than 47% of students on SAT Math. An example of an SAT score report with percentiles. Your percentile score is not like a grade out of 100.For instance, if you get a percentile of 90, this doesn't mean you got exactly 90% of the questions right. It just means that compared with everyone who took the SAT, you scored higher than 90% of them. (For more info on how the SAT is scored, see our scoring guide.) So, why do percentiles matter? Colleges use percentiles to compare you with other students. If you got, say, an SAT score in the 90thpercentile, this would make you competitive for many schools since you scored better than 90% of students nationwide. Paying attention to your percentile ranking, as well as your composite score, can give you the best idea of your performance and help you make strategic choices about which colleges to apply to. What Are the Percentile Ranges for the SAT? OK, so you get that percentile rankings are important. But if you haven’t taken the SAT yet or have taken it and plan to retake it, what composite SAT score should you shoot for in order to get a certain percentile ranking? Luckily, the College Board releases data about composite scores and matching percentile rankings to help you figure this out. These numbers change slightly from year to year, but we have the most recent info from 2018. We've summarized the SAT percentile ranges here in a percentile chart. Just find your score to see your estimated percentile. SAT Composite Score Range Percentile Score 1550-1600 99+ 1500-1550 99 to 99+ 1450-1500 97 to 99 1400-1450 94 to 97 1350-1400 91 to 94 1300-1350 87 to 91 1250-1300 81 to 87 1200-1250 74 to 81 1150-1200 67 to 74 1100-1150 58 to 67 1050-1100 49 to 58 1000-1050 39 to 49 950-1000 31 to 39 900-950 23 to 31 850-900 15 to 23 800-850 10 to 15 750-800 5 to 10 700-750 2 to 5 650-700 1 to 2 600-650 1- to 1 550-600 1- 500-550 1- 450-500 1- 400-450 1- Something to note about these percentile ranks is that they change the fastest with the middle scores. For example, the difference between 1450 and 1600- the highest possible score- is only 3 percentile points, 98 to 99. However, the same point gap between 1100 and 1250 has a vast percentile difference- 58 to 81. This means that if you scored 1100 or lower, increasing your overall composite by just 150 points would give a vast boost to your percentile rank and your admissions competitiveness! Did you know boosting your SAT score by 160 points can dramatically change your chances of getting into your dream school?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: SAT Percentile Charts by Section We also have data on percentile rankings for score ranges in EBRW and Math. Check out the chart below to see how your scores stack up. Section Score Range SAT EBRW Percentiles SAT Math Percentiles 780-800 99+ 98 to 99+ 760-780 99 to 99+ 97 to 98 740-760 98 to 99 96 to 97 720-740 97 to 98 94 to 96 700-720 94 to 97 92 to 94 680-700 92 to 94 89 to 92 660-680 88 to 92 86 to 89 640-660 84 to 88 83 to 86 620-640 78 to 84 79 to 83 600-620 72 to 78 75 to 79 580-600 66 to 72 69 to 75 560-580 59 to 66 64 to 69 540-560 52 to 59 57 to 64 520-540 45 to 52 49 to 57 500-520 38 to 45 40 to 49 480-500 31 to 38 34 to 40 460-480 25 to 31 28 to 34 440-460 19 to 25 22 to 28 420-440 14 to 19 17 to 22 400-420 9 to 14 13 to 17 380-400 6to 9 9 to 13 360-380 3 to 6 6 to 9 340-360 2 to 3 3 to 6 320-340 1 to 2 1 to 3 300-320 1- to 1 1 280-300 1- 1- to 1 260-280 1- 1- 240-260 1- 1- 220-240 1- 1- 200-220 1- 1- Source:SAT Understanding Scores 2018 Again, note that the percentile ranks change dramatically toward the middle scores: 500 in EBRW is only 38%, but 600 is 72%. In other words, a 100-point improvement- which is very manageable with some smart studying- could transform your score from poorto good. Note that the Math curve is more competitive near the top than the EBRW curve is. A 750 is in the 96thpercentile on Math but in the 99thpercentile on EBRW, and a 700 is in the 92ndpercentile on Math but in the 94thpercentile on EBRW. This means that if you were aiming for the same percentile on both sections, you'd have to get a higher score on Math than you would on EBRW. For more info on SAT scores and rankings, check out our guide to average SAT scoresin which we also look at score breakdowns by gender and ethnic group. How Can Knowing Your SAT Percentile Help You? We know that percentiles are important and that, in some cases, a relatively small composite score increase can have a huge effect on your percentile ranking. However, your target composite score for the colleges you want to apply to is the most important. While percentiles help college admissions officers compare your scores, schools also have their own score ranges that typically don’t change much from year to year. To find a college’s SAT score ranges, search â€Å"[School Name] SAT scores PrepScholar† on Google to find our Admission Requirements page with its SAT/ACT score ranges and info on GPA ranges and overall competitiveness. For more tips on how to use this strategy (and for a table you can fill out for your specific colleges), see our guide onwhat a good SAT score is. Maximize your study time by setting a personal SAT target score. Finally, SAT percentile rankings can be a useful tool for you. Especially if you’re deciding whether or not to retake the SAT, percentiles really help put your SAT scores in context. For example, the difference between your 700 in EBRW and 600 in Math might not seem enormous, but that EBRW score is in the 94th percentile, while that Math score is in the 75th percentile. A huge difference! This means you can get more bang for your buck if you focus on the Math section for your retake. Increasing your Math score by 100 points can raise your percentile from 75 to 92. However, raising your EBRW score from 700 to 800, though super impressive, only improves your percentile ranking by 5%. Of course, this doesn’t mean you should ignore EBRW- in fact, a gain of just 50 points would put you in the 99th percentile! But recognizing that you stand to gain more with Math can ultimately help you prioritize your study time better. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Tired of wasting time prepping in ways that don't work? We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. It's the best prep program available right now. Best of all, we guarantee your money back if you don't improve your score by 160 points or more. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Improve Your SAT Score by 160+ Points, Guaranteed What’s Next? Now that you know the ins and outs of national SAT percentiles, check out what the average SAT scores are, and take a look at the average SAT scores in your state. Trying to figure out your SAT target score? Or maybe you took the SAT but aren't sure whether your score is competitive. Our guide can help you develop a personal SAT target score based on the colleges you're applying to. Reaching for the stars? Check out what a good SAT score for the Ivy League looks like. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

LITERARY TERMS, CONVENTIONS, & GENRES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

LITERARY TERMS, CONVENTIONS, & GENRES - Essay Example the pens and brushes of the artists present, preserve and draw out the socio-cultural values of their environment in an excellent and elegant mode, which are sure to turn into the intellectual heritage of their society for the future centuries to come. Since it is social and cultural features that provide the raw material to creativity on which the foundations of literature are eloquently erected, so the realities of life give birth to the formation and growth of various forms and genres of literature. In view of the fact that realities are both bitter and sweet ones, the true writers do never hesitate in depicting divergent aspects of society while creating their works. The same can be observed by examining the novels under study including â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† by Jonathan Swift and â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† by Virginia Woolf. Produced and published during the first half of eighteenth century, Gulliver’s Travels is undoubtedly a wonderful piece of literature created in a superb way by renowned writer and satirist Jonathan Swift. The author has ironically criticized the social injustices and inequalities adopted and observed by the kings, queens, nobility, clergy and courtiers during the Swift’s times by throwing light on the hypocrisy and double standards observed by the elite stratum of society. The novel is based upon the travels the protagonist character i.e. Gulliver made after the wrecking of his ship during his voyage. After the wrecking of the ship Gulliver, a doctor by profession, reaches several strange lands and comes across diverse types of creatures, which are not only absolutely different from the normal humans in size and activities, but are also observe quite eccentric and awkward behavior while interacting with one another. Hence, the novel is full of thrill, action, suspense and amusement, which reveals the outstanding talent and observation of the author on the one hand, and his command over drawing out characters and creating amusements

Video summary and reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video summary and reflection - Essay Example As such, the report also indicated that the government has directed Internet providers to ban access to Facebook. Reflection: One strongly believes that people from all walks of life, depending on values, traditions and beliefs, have the right to assert what they think conforms to their philosophies and ideals. As such, for Muslim countries with deep regard and belief in Islamic teachings, the violations noted for posting the prophet’s image could actually be devastating. As such, one affirms that the government should take a stand and enjoin other Muslim countries in asserting concrete policies and procedures regarding this particular concern at the soonest possible time to resolve this issue. Introduction: The video entitled â€Å"Malala Yousafzai, 16, and Her Miraculous Story of Surviving Being Shot by the Taliban† reported by ABC News was published online through YouTube foretold of a remarkable story of a young teen-aged girl named Malala Yousufza. Summary: The video documented the remarkable story of Malala Yousufza, specifically after she was shot by a Taliban rebel for speaking in behalf of millions of young girls to be educated. Accordingly, she was nominated for a Nobel Peace prize. Malala narrated what she remembered just before she was shot. There were a number of miracles that happened and contributed to saving Malala’s life: the presence of a top specialist in pediatrics trauma, Dr. Feona Reynolds; the lending of a plane with complete medical facilities; and how the bullet apparently ricocheted from the skull to be diverted to her shoulders. The story was considered a miracle. Reflection: The story was very moving and touching. It attested that miracles still happen in life. One is convinced that there is still a more powerful force beyond what humans can understand who ultimately governs man’s purpose in life. As manifested and exhibited by the

Miltary soldiers and substance abuse Research Paper

Miltary soldiers and substance abuse - Research Paper Example Substance and drug abuse in the military is a public and national threat to the security of a country because such behaviors distract the preparedness of the force. Furthermore, the habit may result to military personnel undermining the authority and strict orders that function to enhance the efficiency of the military, as well as risking their lives. The issue of drugs in the military is not something new: it began during the Vietnam between the late 1960s and early 1970s. Records indicate that more 20% of the veterans of the Vietnam War reported using narcotic drugs on a weekly basis, with another 20% showing signs of addictions. After the Vietnam War, a few military personnel continued with the regular use of the narcotics, especially heroin and opium. There was some considerable reduction in the percentage of usage, but concerns were high regarding addiction. With the prevalence of the drugs problem within the force, Cushman ordered a crackdown on military personnel abusing drugs in the mid-1970s (Ruiz and Strain, 2011). Consequently, all military troops were confined to their respective bases, with increase in guard patrols and a thorough search on all personnel entering the bases. In addition to these measures, there were numerous establishments of emergency medical clinics across the forces. The military command also engaged in sensitizing the personnel on the physical and legal consequences of substance abuse through all available media. The authorities published and distributed pamphlets to platoon leaders. Creation of drug abuse councils followed, with the initial duty to travel from unit to unit addressing the issue. These education programs seemed to fail in rooting out the issue, the command turned to punishment. However, the judicial system established could not court marshal all the soldiers, thus they turned to administrative discharges to get rid of

Edge Detection Using Kirsch Algorithms

Edge Detection Using Kirsch Algorithms Image processing is the study of representation and manipulation of pictorial information. In Image Processing, an edge is the boundary between an object and its background. Therefore, if the edges of images objects can be identified with precision, all the objects can be located and their properties such as area, perimeter and shape can be calculated. Edge detection is an essential tool for image processing. Edge detection is the process of locating the edge pixels. Then an edge enhancement will increase the contrast between the edges and the background in such a way that edges become more visible. In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edges. Therefore, it returns edges at those points where the gradient of the considered image is maximum. The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (RoboRealm, 2006). The proposal is organized as follows. First, describe the research problems statement, Research Objective, Hypothesis, Delimitations, Assumptions, Terms, significant of the Research Problem, Literature Review session. Lastly the Research Methodology and Conclusion sections respectively. Research Problem Problem Statements As a human being, we could not notice the petite lines of an image. We could only recognize an enormous range of objects from just line images such cartoons. Besides, in Malaysian, it is acknowledge that there is no system to identify the edges of the local cars. They prefer to choose the human faces, geometric shapes or the environment image as their image research. So, by using edge detection techniques, the result of detected edges image could show us the lines or edges from the obvious lines to the tiniest lines of that certain image (Brendan McCane, 2001). For example, Prewit Edge Detector for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise (Raman Maini, 2005). In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edges where it returns edges at those points where the gradient of the considered image is maximum. The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (RoboRealm, 2006). Research Objectives The objectives of this study are: 1) To identify edge detection of image processing system on Malaysian cars. 2) To be able to draw a bitmap result where edges are either in gray scaled or colored for enhancement of edges in an image. 3) To compare the edge detection methods to one another by using the Prewit Edge Detector, Sobel Edge Detector and Kirsch Edge Detector. 2.3 Hypothesis Believe that by implementing different edge detecting algorithms, verified images will be more exact and precise in terms of image accuracy and clarity. 2.4 Delimitations The edge detections will only be analyzing between Sobel, Prewit and Kirsch algoritms. The image processing edge detection does not contain any hierarchical structure but only groups of local cars images. 2.5 Assumptions The participants are familiar the basic knowledge of edge detection to ensure they realize what is happening during the experimental session. They are not trained to identify the difference between the 3 algorithms given to them All participants are at least two year experience in image processing activities to make sure that they could determine what the purpose of this research is. Terms Noise = amount of distortion of a pixel value against the frequency of images Thresholding = separates the pixels in ways that tend to preserve the boundaries Filter = Process by which we can enhance or otherwise modify images. 2.6 Research Significance The image of Malaysian cars will be captured as the input. The each of the images edges will be detected either by using the Prewit Edge Detector, Sobel Edge Detector or Kirsch Edge Detector. If the user chooses to see the output of Prewit Edge Detector, the result of detected edges will be appear on the panel and same goes to if they choose the Sobel Edge Detector or the Kirsch Edge Detector. They could choose all of the three edge detectors for more precise observation. The result also will be compare with the human views to get the similarity of edge detecting against it. Literature Review Introduction to Image Processing Edge Detection In Image Processing, an edge is the boundary between an object and its background. They represent the frontier for single objects. Therefore, if the edges of images objects can be identified with precision, all the objects can be located and their properties such as area, perimeter and shape can be calculated. Edge detection is an essential tool for image processing. Edge detection is the process of locating the edge pixels. Then an edge enhancement will increase the contrast between the edges and the background in such a way that edges become more visible. In addition, edge tracing is the process of following the edges, usually collecting the edge pixels into a list. In the edge function, the Sobel method uses the derivative approximation to find edges. Therefore, it returns edges at those points where the gradient of the considered image is maximum. The horizontal and vertical gradient matrices whose dimensions are 3-3 for the Sobel method has been generally used in the edge detection operations. In this work, a function is developed to find edges using the matrices whose dimensions are 5-5 in matlab (Shigeru A, 2000). Since edge detection is in the forefront of image processing for object detection, it is crucial to have a good understanding of edge detection algorithms. Prewit Edge Detector for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise. Different kinds of noise are studied in order to evaluate the performance of the Prewitt Edge Detector (Raman Maini, 2005). The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (RoboRealm, 2006). 3.2 Comparisons of Edge Detection Techniques a) Sobel Sobel edge detector using convolutions with row and column edge gradient masks (Percy S, 2001). Applies a 3-3 convolution filter row-wise in order to determine the gradient of the surrounding pixels. Pixel is a member of an edge if the intensity of it is greater than that of the members of its surrounding pixels. The Sobel edge detection filter uses the two 3-3 templates to calculate the gradient value. 1 2 1 -1 0 1 -1 -2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 -1 -1 Figure 1: Sobel Algorithm X Y Original image Sobel Edge Detection Original image Figure 1.1: Sobel Edge Detection Output b) Prewit Prewit Edge Detector for detection of edges in digital images corrupted with different kinds of noise. Different kinds of noise are studied in order to evaluate the performance of the Prewit Edge Detector (Raman Maini, 2005). This is similar to the Sobel detector Operates under the same principle except that it uses a different (simpler) convolution kernel. -1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1The Prewitt edge detection filter uses the two 3-3 templates to calculate the gradient value. -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 1 1 1 Figure 2: Prewit Algorithm X Y Original image Prewitt Edge Detection Original image Figure 2.1: Prewit Edge Detection Output c) Kirsch The Kirsch Edge module detects edges using eight compass filters. All eight filters are applied to the image with the maximum being retained for the final image. The eight filters are a rotation of a basic compass convolution filter (Mike Heath, 2001).The filters are of the form: 5 5 5 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 5 -3 -3 5 -3 -3 5 -3 -3 Figure 3: Kirsch Algorithm X Y Original image Kirsch Edge Detection Original image Figure 3.1: Kirsch Edge Detection Output 3.3 Thresholding The idea of thresholding is to apply a boundary-finding method (such as edge detection), sample of the histogram that are only near where the boundary probability is high. The benefit of thresholding is to separates the pixels in ways that tend to preserve the boundaries. Besides that, other scattered distributions within the object or the background are irrelevant. But, the problems if the characteristics change along the boundary, it still no guarantee you wont have extraneous pixels or holes (IgorPro, 2006). The advantages of thresholding can be declared that it is simple to implement, fast especially if repeating on similar images and it is good for some kinds of images such as documents, controlled set-ups. The disadvantages of thresholding can be assume that it is usually not very good segmentation, there are no guarantees of object coherency such as they may have holes, extraneous pixels, and so on and there are connected component labeling can then be used to label separate foreground regions. METHODOLOGY This chapter provides methodology that used to develop text search engine prototype. Methodology is a study of methods, a set of procedures and selecting data. All of workflow involved in the implementation of this project is explained from the beginning to the end. Project Formulation Framework Figure 4: Overview of Project Formulation Framework Project Framework Summary Phase Objectives Deliverables Planning 1) To identify and understand potential problems. 2) Ensure goals, scope, budget, schedule, methods and tools are in place. 1) Define the problem statement, objectives, scope and contribution of study. 2) Collecting images of Malaysian cars. Analysis 1) Analyzing the system requirement. 2) Analyze the edge detection algorithms used for the system (Sobel, Prewit and Kirsch). 1) Prototype requirement and requirement model. 2) Identify the comparison of the algorithms chosen. Design 1) Design the prototype interface and the coding (classes and object). 2) Design function and algorithms. 1) System and Detailed design. 2)GUI interface Implementation 1) Translate design into code New application Testing 1)Pre-test and pro-test the application Test the application Data Collection The data collection is the most critical process in this project. As mentioned earlier, this study will only focus on Malaysian cars. Before developed the application tool, all information must be collected first. This stages involved data collection about sample of Malaysian car images and project requirements which are hardware and software requirements. The sample images of the car will be captured by using digital camera. The main hardware system in order to capture an image is the camera to grab the image of the cars. The images are in a bitmapped or digital image format. Besides that, this study also gathered information from internet. It was the greatest finding for this project. From internet, more information can be explored in detail such as about bitmapped image model, journals and articles about previous researches which related to this project the Malaysian cars itself and many more. 4.4 Prototype Development Throughout the development of the application, there were involving some steps. After all the information gathered, the development processes take place. Firstly, as an input the image of the Malaysian cars must be captured. A digital camera was used to acquire the images. There were 10 images of different category of Malaysian cars as samples for this project. In capturing the images, hardware system also involved. The camera will use to grab the image and the computer system will do the image processing and data analysis for the images. The images were scanned to convert them into digital form. Experiment and Procedure In the experimental task, the participants will be given the Malaysian car images. They will run the application by choosing different car images and test all the images to the different edge detection algorithm provided to them. The output which is the result of comparison between those 3 algorithms (Sobel, Prewitt and Kirsch) will be recorded. The user, based on his/her experience will determine the sharp, sharper and sharpest result of edge detected images from system. Here, they might recognize which edge detector is more accurate in image clarity capturing. The summary of the experiment is as follows; Pretest Participants choose Malaysian cars images and tryout them using the algorithms provided. Posttest /Treatment Participants evaluate the result which edge detection algorithm is the sharp, sharper or sharpest. Observation My experiment used one-group pretest and posttest design.7. The group participated in both pre-experiment evaluation and post-experiment evaluation sequentially. The design is represented as follows: Group Time Æ’Â   Group 1 Observation 1 (using Sobel Algorithm with and without thresholding) Observation 2 (using Prewit Algorithm with and without thresholding) Observation 3 (using Kirsch Algoritm with and without thresholding) Figure 5: Experimental design 7 Experimental Design Number 7: pretest and posttest design. Data Analyses After collecting all the data from their query results from the participants, we use the following standard criteria for evaluating retrieval for effectiveness of search are used . The keyword-based search and the ontology-based search have been evaluated using the following formula: Comparison of Edge Detectors Image Sharpness Based on Thresholding Value Bil Type of Malaysian Cars Sobel Prewit Kirsch 1 Perodua Kelisa Sharpest Sharper Sharp 2 Perodua Kenari Sharpest Sharper Sharp 3 Perodua Kembara Sharpest Sharper Sharp 4 Proton Wira Sharpest Sharper Sharp 5 Proton Waja Sharpest Sharp Sharper 6 Proton Satria Neo Sharpest Sharper Sharp 7 Perodua Kancil Sharpest Sharper Sharp 8 Proton Saga Aeroback Sharpest Sharp Sharper 9 Proton Satria Sharper Sharpest Sharp 10 Perodua Myvi Sharpest Sharper Sharp Table 1: Approximate image sharpness of the algorithms based on 10 of Malaysian car images Sharp Result (Percentage) Edge Detectors Sobel Prewit Kirsch 0/10*100 = 0% 2/10*100 = 20% 8/10*100 = 80% Table 2: Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharp category Sharper Result (Percentage) Edge Detectors Sobel Prewit Kirsch 1/10*100 = 10% 7/10*100 = 70% 2/10*100 = 20% Table 3: Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharper category Sharpest Result (Percentage) Edge Detectors Sobel Prewit Kirsch 9/10*100 = 90% 1/10*100 = 10% 0/10*100 =0% Table 4: Percentage for the Malaysian Cars Sharpness for sharpest category Figure 6: Histogram for the comparison result for precision According to the Figure 6, based on Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4, the sharp, sharper and sharpest result is based from the thresholding value of 60. In making this research, some important lesson or experience has been learned. After the project successfully developed and tested, the result from the testing is analyzed. The results are between human viewing and prototype viewing. By analysis and compare the results the accuracy of the project is determined. It also use as a measurement to the third objective of the project. If the project result is accurate, the third objective is successfully achieved. 5.3 Recommendation There are also some future expansions that can be done in order to improve this prototype. This prototype developed for computer platform only. This prototype can be developed in the PDA or handheld hand phone. Recommendation for future is the samples of Malaysian cars should be various because from that the result can be more accurate. 5.4 Conclusion There are many ways to perform edge detection. Various edge detection algorithms have been developed in the process of finding the perfect edge detector. Some of the edge detection operators that are discussed in this thesis are Prewitt, Sobel, and Kirsch operators. In this case, there are three criteria for optimal edge detections. First good detection where the optimal detector must minimize the probability of false positives, as well as that of false negatives. Second, good localization where the edges detected must be as close as possible to the true edges and finally, single response constraint where the detector must return one point only for each true edge point; that is, minimize the number of local maxima around the true edge (Trucco, 2006).

Specific Heat

Introduction Specific heat is defined as the measure of the ability of a substance to change temperature. Specific heat of a substance is the heat needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance once degree Celsius. The more Joules (unit of heat) needed, the higher the specific heat will be. The goal is to determine specific heat of a soil sample as compared to water. This difference has many ramifications regarding our climate, with local and global. HypothesisI predict that after 10 minutes of being placed under the same heat lamp, the soil will absorb heat faster, therefore ending with a higher temperature than the water. Materials †¢2 petri dishes †¢Soil †¢Water †¢2 thermometers †¢Heat lamp Procedure 1. Design lab tables. 2. Record mass of petri dish and then add enough soil to fill it to the brim. Record mass again. The difference is the mass of the soil sample. 3. Record the mass of another petri dish and fill it with water. Record the mass ag ain. The difference is the mass of the water. . Place the thermometers so that the bulb of one is beneath the surface of the soil and the bulb of the other is under the water. 5. Place both samples under a heat lamp, making sure the thermometers stay under the samples. Bring the lamp close to the petri dishes so that they are heated equally. 6. Record the temperature of each thermometer every 30 seconds, for 10 minutes. 7. Graph your temperature data on the same set of coordinates. Data Tables Mass and Temperature Data SoilWater Mass of Petri Dish and Material223. 1g171. g Mass of Petri Dish Empty16g16g Mass of Material207. 1g155. 4g Initial Temperature23 °C24 °C Final Temperature25. 5 °C25 °C Temperature Readings #SoilWater#SoilWater 123 °C24 °C1124 °C25 °C 223 °C24 °C1224 °C25 °C 323 °C24 °C1324 °C25 °C 423 °C24 °C1424. 25 °C25 °C 523 °C24 °C1524. 5 °C25 °C 623. 5 °C24. 5 °C1624. 75 °C25 °C 723. 5 °C24. 5 °C1725 °C25 °C 823. 5 °C24. 75 °C1825 °C25 °C 923. 75 °C25 °C1925. 25 °C25 °C 1024 °C25 °C2025. 5 °C25 °C Graphs Results Over the course of 10 minutes, the sample of soil increased from 23 degrees Celsius to 25. 5 degrees Celsius.On the other hand, the water sample increased only 1 degree over the course of 4 minutes. The remaining 6 minutes, the soil leveled out at a temperature of 25 degrees. While the soil continued to heat up at a relatively fast rate, the water made very small increments of progress and eventually made no advancement heating. Conclusion The hypothesis predicting that soil will absorb more heat than the water has been proven correct by the recorded data. My results showed that the temperature of the soil sample increased 2. 5 degrees Celsius, while the water only raised one degree.

Essay on Wonder Woman

Her mission is to bring love, peace, and sexual equality to a world torn by the hatred of men. The heroine Princess Diana of Themyscira, more famously known as Wonder Woman, has gone through various reimagining and different retellings in both media and comic books. But all of these have the same basic origin. She was born and lived the majority of her life on the isolated paradise island of Themyscira, an island inhabited entirely of Amazonian women.Everything changed one day when pilot, Captain Steve Trevor crashed on the mysterious island. Soon after he crashed, as he was being held and treated on the island, Queen Hippilyta held a tournament to decide who would have the honor of escorting Captain Trevor back to the United States. Against her mother’s wishes, Princess Diana participated in said tournament and won. At this point the narrative diverges depending on its retelling.In the 1975 pilot, set in World War II, named, The New Original Wonder Woman directed by Leonard H orn, Wonder Woman fights Nazis during the World War II era soon after leaving the island. In the 2009 animated movie, Wonder Woman, directed by Lauren Montgomery, Wonder Woman fights to stop the reign of the Greek god of war, Ares and his army of undead Amazons. Wonder Woman has always been widely considered as a feminist icon, thus these movies are supposed to reflect such a message. Thus each movie shows how the times and sexual equality has changed over the years.These can be shown by the relationship between Princess Diana and Steve Trevor in which one movie portrays them fighting on equal footing against a common threat much like co-workers and the other not so much which is apparent in a multitude of fighting scenes; Wonder Woman’s behavior and personality through both movies but mostly with her passive behavior in one fight scene in the 1975 pilot and her aggressive behavior in the 2009 animated movie; and Steve Trevor’s difference in behavior and personality bu t mostly toward women and is most apparent in the 2009’s hospital scene.In the 1975 pilot episode, The New Original Wonder Woman, the relationship between Steve Trevor and Princess Diana seems to be focus on the fact that Wonder Woman is more so smitten and dependent on Trevor in order to be happy. This can be clearly seen when she pretty much stalks him, after his safe return to the U. S. , by disguising herself as his nurse while he’s recuperating and at the end where she disguises herself as his personal assistant, Diana Prince.This acts as a contrast to the 2009 DC animated movie, Wonder Woman where Steve Trevor is smitten by her but instead of being dependent on her, he acts as her sidekick, as they fight Ares as equals, but usually Wonder Woman showing her superior strength and fighting skills. This further shown when they are about to first encounter Ares and thus have to infiltrate a military base. They violently take down the soldiers silently but cooperativel y, Steve with his combat knife and Wonder Woman with her boomerang like tiara.Princess Diana of Themyscira is portrayed very differently in both adaptations of the same character. In the 1975 adaptation, Wonder Woman was rarely allowed to engage in hand-to-hand combat, instead relying on simply throwing bad guys around. But in the 2009 animated movie it embraces the fact that she is a skilled warrior and not only can she throw punches but more surprisingly allowed to receive them too. In the 2009 adaptation of the super heroine, she is a strong, smart, aggressive independent woman who needed no man.For example in the 2009 animated movie, when Princess Diana and Steve Trevor are about to get mugged in a dark alley, the muggers say that if they do what they say, no one will get hurt; and she replies with, â€Å"Maybe I want someone to get hurt. † But in contrast, the 1975 Wonder Woman was a soft-hearted, kind, naive, passive young woman who needed a man in order to take action. For example in the 1975 pilot, when Diana quit her circus job and is subdues her ex-boss after he tries to pull a firearm on her, she claims that she was taught to avoid conflict and did not like fighting or hurting others.In the 2009 movie she is not in need of a man or in love with Steve Trevor right off the bat, but instead he earns her love by proving himself by helping in the hunt down Ares. She also does not stalk him like the 1975 counter-part but instead it’s him following her around but instead of stalking her, helping her; and in the end she is not in disguise from him as his assistant but instead in disguise from everyone else but as a friend, or possibly his girlfriend because it is never clearly explained. Captain Steve Trevor’s 2009 character differs vastly in comparison to his 1975 counter-part.In the 1975 adaptation he was merely a flat characterized damsel in distress who tried to act as a symbol of the American ideal. But in the 2009 animated movie h e was more fleshed out and given more characterization and more of a major role in the plot. The 2009 version of Trevor was a witty, brave, and a symbol of sexual equality. Also Steve Trevor in this movie more so acted as Wonder Woman’s sidekick in the fact that many of the times in which there was action they both worked cooperatively to defeat any threat.In the 1975 movie, Steve Trevor never or rarely ever talked about sexual equality while Wonder Woman talked more so like a feminist extremist. But in the 2009 animated movie, after Wonder Woman keeps talking down about men and claiming Steve Trevor was a sexist, he had enough and expressed his mind more than his 1975 counter-part. In the scene, Wonder Woman wakes up in a hospital bed after their first encounter with Aries.Then she starts berating him on the fact that he didn’t stop Aries and that he merely saved her because she was a woman and if she were a man he would have acted differently. This causes Steve Trevo r to have enough of her ranting about men and himself, and thus he goes and pretty much sums up the theme of the whole movie. The outraged Trevor tells her, â€Å"Cutting yourselves off from the outside world was cowardly! Not to mention STUPID! [Yeah] like less communication between men and women is what the world needed.And I didn’t save you because I thought you were some damsel in distress. I saved you because†¦because I care about you, Diana. And I’m not going to abandon a friend in need. Man or woman. † This quote says a lot about Trevor in that the viewer’s view of him prior to this moment, being a womanizer, was not in fact his actual personality and that there was more depth to this man than meets the eye. This also expresses the change toward sexual equality we have strived for through the years since the time of the 1975 pilot.Both movies featured Wonder Woman as a symbol of feminism and sexual equality. But both movies were vastly differe nt in their take on the heroic icon, due to the time period they were conceived. Movies like these tend to come off as either overly preachy or decide to blame all the world’s ills on man. In the 1975 adaptation it tried to portray her as the heroine that was in the comic books, but in the movie they were successful in that feat but only in describing her background but was unable to show her tough-as-nails  personality due to restrictions during the time period; and due to this, showing Wonder Woman acting as a contradiction in which she is in love with a man right off the bat, but is sexist against men and think women are more superior.But in the 2009 animated movie they were able to take a more balanced view. Steve unlike his 1975 counter-part had a more active role and was a more rounded, fleshed out character that was witty and quirky but also loyal and brave.The faults of men are shown in ample detail, as well as the faults of women were shown equally as examples such as Etta Candy’s overall flirtatious uselessness and Persephone’s final words of admonishment to Hippolyte. Both genders are represented as flawed and both movies themes are expressed through the 2009 Steve Trevor’s speech to Diana. In the end of it all, the world needs more understanding and congregation between men and women rather than isolation and distrust. In both media and literature, Wonder Woman will always be that icon of feminism and sexual equality.

epic of gilgamesh essays

epic of gilgamesh essays In the Epic of Gilgamesh the main character is king Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is a half man and half god but is still mortal like all other men. Gilgamesh goes through many different transformations in his life as he interacts with different men and gods. The changes that Gilgamesh goes through affect his whole kingdom. Early on, he was a terrible king to his people stealing every brides virginity and as the epic progresses he learns more about life and learns to treat his people with respect so he will be remembered as a good king. Early on when Gilgamesh was king, he was terrible to his people. He stole bridess virginity on their wedding night. He did not respect his people in the slightest and did not care what they thought of him as king because we felt he was such a great warrior that he did not need to be a good king. After a while of Gilgamesh being a terrible king the gods created Enkidu. Enkidu was an equal to Gilgamesh in terms of strength and fighting and it was the first time that Gilgamesh met his equal. This gave Gilgamesh a lot of respect for Enkidu and he became a very close friend. Enkidu was not at all civilized and when he was offered a woman to sleep with him, he declined. Gilgamesh learned a lot from Enkidu and started to care about others for the first time in his life. Gilgamesh soon gave up the practice of sleeping with every bride and started to care more about his people. This was a great change from before when Gilgamesh was a terrible leader for his people. Gilgamesh later goes on a quest for eternal life similar to that of the gods. In searching for the eternal life, he goes on many quests to find the one mortal that was granted eternal life for his faith. After Gilgamesh meets with the person he finds out, he has to find this plant at the bottom of the see that will give him eternal life. He goes and finds this plant but upon obtaining, this plant Gilgamesh does not eat it hi...

Battle of Marathon in the Persian Wars

Battle of Marathon in the Persian Wars The Battle of Marathon was fought during the Persian Wars (498 BC–448 BC) between Greece and the Persian Empire. Date Using a proleptic Julian calendar, it is believed that the Battle of Marathon was fought on either August or September 12, 490 BC. Armies Commanders Greeks MilitiadesCallimachusArimnestusapprox. 8,000-10,000 men Persians DatisArtaphernes20,000-60,000 men Background In the wake of the Ionian Revolt (499 BC-494 BC), the emperor of the Persian Empire, Darius I, dispatched an army to Greece to punish those city-states that had aided the rebels. Led by Mardonius, this force succeeded in subjugating Thrace and Macedonia in 492 BC. Moving south towards Greece, Mardonius fleet was wrecked off Cape Athos during a massive storm. Losing 300 ships and 20,000 men in the disaster, Mardonius elected to withdraw back towards Asia. Displeased with Mardonius failure, Darius began planning a second expedition for 490 BC after learning of political instability in Athens. Conceived as a purely maritime enterprise, Darius assigned command of the expedition to the Median admiral Datis and the son of the satrap of Sardis, Artaphernes. Sailing with orders to attack Eretria and Athens, the fleet succeeded in sacking and burning their first objective. Moving south, the Persians landed near Marathon, approximately 25 miles north of Athens. Responding to the impending crisis, Athens raised around 9,000 hoplites and dispatched them to Marathon where they blocked the exits from the nearby plain and prevented the enemy from moving inland. They were joined by 1,000 Plataeans and assistance was requested from Sparta. Encamping on the edge of the Plain of Marathon, the Greeks faced a Persian force numbering between 20-60,000. Enveloping the Enemy For five days the armies squared off with little movement. For the Greeks, this inactivity was largely due to a fear of being attacked by the Persian cavalry as they crossed the plain. Finally, the Greek commander, Miltiades, elected to attack after receiving favorable omens. Some sources also indicate that Militiades had learned from Persian deserters that the cavalry was away from the field. Forming his men, Militiades reinforced his wings by weakening his center. This saw the center reduced to ranks four deep while the wings featured men eight deep. This may have been due to the Persians tendency to place inferior troops on their flanks. Moving a brisk pace, possibly a run, the Greeks advanced across the plain towards the Persian camp. Surprised by the Greeks audacity, the Persians rushed to form their lines and inflict damage on the enemy with their archers and slingers. As the armies clashed, the thinner Greek center was quickly pushed back. The historian Herodotus reports that their retreat was disciplined and organized. Pursuing the Greek center, the Persians quickly found themselves flanked on both sides by Militiades strengthened wings which had routed their opposite numbers. Having caught the enemy in a double envelopment, the Greeks began to inflict heavy casualties on the lightly armored Persians. As panic spread in the Persian ranks, their lines began to break and they fled back to their ships. Pursuing the enemy, the Greeks were slowed by their heavy armor, but still managed to capture seven Persian ships. Aftermath Casualties for the Battle of Marathon are generally listed as 203 Greek dead and 6,400 for the Persians. As with most battles from this period, these numbers are suspect. Defeated, the Persians departed from the area and sailed south to attack Athens directly.   Anticipating this, Militiades quickly returned the bulk of the army to the city. Seeing that the opportunity to strike the previously lightly-defended city had passed, the Persians withdrew back to Asia. The Battle of Marathon was the first major victory for the Greeks over the Persians and gave them confidence that they could be defeated. Ten years later the Persians returned and won a victory at Thermopylae before being defeated by the Greeks at Salamis. The Battle of Marathon also gave rise to the legend that the Athenian herald Pheidippides ran from the battlefield to Athens to announce the Greek victory before dropping dead. This legendary run is the basis for the modern track and field event. Herodotus contradicts this legend and states that Pheidippides ran from Athens to Sparta to seek aid before the battle. Selected Sources Battle of MarathonPersian Wars: Battle of Marathon

Finance memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Finance memo - Essay Example The objective of weekly loan facility was to promote liquidity in the treasury and security markets, which could result in advanced occupation of financial markets. The TALF was announced in the month of November 2008. The prime objective of this facility was to provide a funding facility to meet the needs of small and domestic businesses through the support of issuance of asset-backed securities. The TSLF is in contrast to the conventional monetary policy used by the Federal Reserve used to answer the disruptions of the credit market. TSLF creates support of liquidity for the primary dealers where they are operating. TSLF was used in contrast to the conventional interest rate policy where the Federal Reserve eyes to increase the rate of interest at which the interbank dealing takes place. The Federal Reserve had to carry out asset purchases of large scale in order to increase interest rates. (Advisers) TALF is considered as a monetary policy tool by the Federal Reserve as it was aimed at reopening of the securitization market in order to improve the access towards the credit instruments for the small and household businesses. (Brown) This has given a rise to the consumer and small business lending where the investors have gained a lot of confidence in the ability of the market to function without the support of the government. It was noticed that by March 2009, the percentage of purchase of the asset backed securities using TALF was around 60%.

Characteristcs of Small Businesses Visa-a-Vis Well Resourcesd Large Essay

Characteristcs of Small Businesses Visa-a-Vis Well Resourcesd Large Companies - Essay Example Small businesses lack well documented business plans, vision and mission statements which hinders the strategic planning process. Small businesses do not understand the unique needs of the customers hence offer standardized products and services to the target market. Small businesses can achieve sustained growth through merging with other businesses which is critical in resource sharing. Small businesses should implement internet technologies in order to overcome their location barrier as well as increase their turnover. The small businesses should also maintain financial statements which are critical in accessing debt financing. Characteristics of small businesses visa-a-vis well resourced large companies Introduction The definition of small business has been controversial if not difficult. Some definitions which have been advanced consider the profitability of the business, the value of assets, the annual turnover, the number of employees and the branch network (Pride, Hughes & Kap oor 2010, pp. 24). Small businesses can be analyzed from their distinctive managerial, marketing, organizational and developmental characteristics. Small businesses have certain characteristics which distinguish them from well resourced large businesses. Numerous scholars have used different methods in determining the size of the business. However, most small businesses have less than ten employees and are either family business. Unlike well resourced large businesses, the small businesses have limited options in raising expansion capital since they are sole-proprietorships, partnerships or limited liability companies (Storey, 2002, pp. 6). Small businesses are managed by the owners unlike well resourced large businesses which are capable of employing professional and expert employees and managers. Unlike the well resourced large firms whose shares are able to be traded in the stock markets, the small businesses are closely held hence lack of inference in the management of the busin ess (Little, 2005, pp. 42). Small businesses lack professional board of directors hence most of the strategic decisions regarding the objectives and goals of the business are taken by the owners who are still the managers of the business. Small businesses do not enjoy expansive branch network and distribution channels hence most of them have limited chances of market share growth. Well resourced large firms are able to enter in to strategic partnerships and alliances with other firms hence they can easily penetrate in to new markets unlike the small businesses (Little 2005) Distinctive managerial characteristics Small businesses management is different from the management of well resourced large businesses. Most of the small businesses are family businesses which are managed by the owners. Small businesses may not have enough funds to employ qualified management hence the owners of the businesses make all the strategic objective decisions regarding the source of funds and the expans ion programs (Little 2005). Well resourced large businesses are able to list in the stock exchange markets and secure financing by offering shares to the public unlike the small businesses. Well resourced large businesses can afford to hire expert management hence can compete effectively in the business environment. Small businesses employ few employees who may not be qualified in the services which they offer to the business (Lavoie, et al.,